BETT places an emphasis on cooperative teaching, strong family values, and the importance of education. BETT has a Tucson-wide membership base. Monthly field trips and cooperative teaching are offered to facilitate a lifelong enjoyment of learning.

Denver Catholic Homeschoolers (DCH) is a homeschooling support group for Catholic home educating families in the Denver metro area (and surrounding areas of Colorado). This groups.io site is our online communication network. Our focus is on topics and discussions related to homeschooling and our Catholic faith and the promotion of educational and faith formation activities for Catholic homeschool families in our local community.  

Support group for Christian homeschoolers in Cochise County. Offers classes, information, support, newsletter, spelling bee, and more.

Rainbow Explorers is a Christian homeschool support group that serves African-American families in the Greater Phoenix area. They welcome all families homeschooling African-American children including those families of any religion and families with parents of diverse races. Rainbow Explorers strives to provide opportunities for African-American homeschoolers in Arizona to meet and get to know one another. They provide resources, help and encouragement to African-American homeschoolers and the homeschool community at large. Offers park days, field trips, and other activities.

Support group for homeschoolers who follow a child-led method of education. Meeting spots alternate between the East, West, North, and South Valley, and members live in North Scottsdale, Gilbert, Mesa, Tempe, Phoenix, Goodyear, and other surrounding communities. Meetings are primarily for socialization and support.

North Scottsdale Homeschoolers (NSHS) is a secular home school support group. Offers monthly activities, play dates, field trips, support, and information.

This is a secular homeschool group for the Central Arizona Area. Offers meetings, homeschool ideas, filed trips, and other activities for children.

Learning Expedition is a secular home schooling social support group serving metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Most members live in NE Phoenix and in Scottsdale, but all are welcome. Offers weekly meetings and other activities.

H.E.R.O. is a Christian support group network for homeschooling families in Arizona's East Valley and beyond (Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, Scottsdale, Apache Junction, Queen Creek, Phoenix, etc.), as well as families from the West Valley. Offers e-mail updates sharing information sent in by and for homeschoolers, information on field trips, activities, classes, park days, and more.

Holy Family Home Educators (HFHE) is a gathering of Catholic families who homeschool or who support the principles of homeschooling from Tucson and the surrounding communities. This is also the local chapter of the national group Traditions of Roman Catholic Homes (TORCH). Offers park days, Daughters of Mary and Blue Knights clubs, field trips, and more.

Support group serving the Yuma area. Offers support, information, and activities including park days, field trips, Mom's night out, and more.

Support group for homeschoolers who apprciate attachment parenting and alternative methods of living. Offers co-op type activities, child interest field trips, and lots of playtime.

This is a secular parent-run homeschool cooperative that spans the entire Phoenix metropolitan area. Offers field trips, co-op classes, park days, and more. Summit View Homeschool Cooperative includes families from the East Side of the Valley in Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, Apache Junction, Ahwatukee, and Gold Canyon. Ages of the children in the group range from toddlers to high school. The main function of Summit View is to provide support, as well as a social outlet for homeschooling families. In addition to many field trips, theater performances, and other activities, we also have subgroups which include a book club, science club, teen club, geography club, drama club, preschool playgroups, games club, hiking club, and a parent support group. Also offered are several park days per month.

This is a Christian support group serving the Northeast Valley and Phoenix area. Offers field trips, service projects, park days, monthly newsletter, family camp outs, P.E. classes, and more.

New Hope Homeschoolers is a group of Christian families in the Northwest Phoenix area who have chosen to homeschool their children. Members reside in Glendale, Goodyear, Phoenix, Peoria, and Surprise. Offers information on homeschooling and legal issues, teaching ideas, curriculum information, family socials, educational field trips, and group activities for children.

SDH is a secular home education network serving homeschoolers throughout Tucson and Southern Arizona. Offers park days, Mom's night out, clubs, activities, and support.

This is a Christ-centered homeschooling support group serving the needs of families with children of preschool age to grade 12 in the Greater Phoenix area. Offers activities and get-togethers, along with field trips, clubs, classes, holiday events, and support.

Mi C.A.S.A. Homeschoolers is a homeschool support group serving the Casa Grande Valley and surrounding communities in Arizona.

The mission of Surprise Home Schoolers is to provide organization, support and fellowship to all home educators in the Surprise area.

A home school support group for Tempe, Arizona and the surrounding community. Offers monthly meetings, lending library, monthly newsletter, children's activities, testing, and more.

This is a non-denominational support group for homeschooling families in the West/Southwest/Central Phoenix area. Offers support and activities.

Christian support group for homeschoolers in southeast Tucson. Offers moms' support, family activities, resource library, field trips, and kids' activities.

Eastside Explorers is a co-operative support group for the northeast Valley of The Sun (northeast region of Phoenix, AZ metro area), open to families who educate their children at home. Offers educational opportunities and activities, including parent support meetings, monthly park days with workshops, field trips, special events, and a monthly newsletter. This co-op operates within a framework of Judeo-Christian values.

Support group for Christian homeschoolers in northwest Tucson. Offers field trips, activites, events, support, information, and more.

Arizona Families for Home Education (AFHE) is the statewide organization that serves the needs and protects the rights of all Arizona homeschool families. Offers information and support, including facts on Arizona's homeschooling laws.

Desert Hills Christian Homeschoolers is one of the oldest homeschool support groups in Arizona. Members come from New River, Desert Hills, Black Canyon City, Cave Creek, Anthem, and the surrounding areas. Offers monthly Mentor Mom meetings, weekly P.E. class, co-ops, field trips, used curriculum sales, Field Day, and more.

Membership in the Veritas Homeschoolers support group is open to all homeschooling families who live in or around the Ahwatukee Foothills, south Tempe, and Chandler, Arizona areas. Veritas Homeschoolers is an evangelical Christian support group for those who are educating their children at home, including preschool age children. Although this is a Christian organization with Christian leadership, membership in Veritas Homeschoolers is open to all those wishing to homeschool their children. Offers park days, youth group, field trips, Mom's night out, and more.

The High Desert Homeschoolers is an all inclusive group of homeschooling families in Cochise County whose purpose is to provide support and foster friendships through a variety of activities. Offers park days and other activities.

F.H.C.H.E. is a local support group for Fountain Hills, Arizona, homeschool families. This group is a Christian-rooted organization, although families need not be Christian to join or participate in group activities. Offers support meetings, field trips, science fair, graduation, and more.

Support group for Arizona homeschool families using Sonlight Curriculum. Offers discussions, monthly field trips, activities, and more.

This is an online secular community for Arizona parents with inquisitive and imaginative children. Offers information on local events, outings, and discussions.

Phoenix Unschoolers is a support group for unschoolers who wish to communicate with other like minded individuals. Members come from all over the entire Phoenix area, including North Scottsdale, Phoenix, Gilbert, Glendale, and Goodyear.

The Western Region Unschoolers is a group for unschoolers who live in the Western U.S. covering: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and California. This is a forum to announce and organize conferences, travel, camping, and other places to get together.

Eclectic Homeschoolers of Northern Arizona is a homeschool support group for families in the Northern Arizona region. Offers support, information, and meetings. Based in Flagstaff, Eclectic Homeschoolers of Northern Arizona is a Homeschool Support Group offering friendship and support to homeschooling families of all types, with children of all ages.

Colorado River Homeschoolers an inclusive homeschool group, open to all homeschoolers, regardless of style of homeschooling or religion. Located in the Bullhead City/Fort Mohave, AZ, Laughlin, NV, and Needles, CA area.

The Desert Homeschoolers of D-M is an inclusive support group for homeschooling families assigned to Davis Monthan AFB in Tucson AZ. All homeschoolers, of all ages, religious backgrounds and schooling methods are welcome. Offers park days, field trips, and other activities.

This group list is for families who wish to find support while following the Charlotte Mason philosophy of education. The purpose is to help/support parents and students in Arizona, organize outings, study groups, and more.

Do you unschool your children and live in the North Phoenix, Arizona area (Paradise Valley, North Scottsdale, Cave Creek, Anthem, New River, Black Canyon City, Desert Hills)? North Phoenix Unschoolers is a Yahoo group that offers support and opportunities to connect with other unschoolers in your area.

A Phoenix-based network of independent home-educating families supporting each other by sharing experiences, information, ideas, and playtimes. Dedicated to the importance of our right to educate our children in the way we feel is best. The structure is informal. Offers field trips and a park day once a month.

A support group for unschoolers who wish to communicate with other like minded individuals. Focused on the entire Phoenix area, with members in North Scottsdale, Phoenix, Gilbert, Glendale, Goodyear and Desert Hills. Meeting spots are alternated so that meetings are as convenient as possible for everyone.

Arizona Jewish Homeschoolers is a discussion forum and information exchange for homeschooling and unschooling Jewish educators/parents (or those just thinking about it), living in Arizona. It should serve as a means to discuss issues unique to the Arizona Jewish homeschool environment, and a means by which friendships may be formed, events will be planned, and joint homeschool activities may be held. Most of the members are in the Greater Phoenix area, but welcome those from surrounding areas.

Red Mountain Life Learners is an East Valley network of unschooling families focused on life learning. Members are expected to support the group by sharing their passions i.e. organizing group activities such as field trips, park days, foreign language classes, chess club, camping trips, drama, yoga, art and cooking classes, etc.

West Side Home Educators supports homeschooling families in Peoria, Glendale, North Phoenix, Surprise and other West Valley communities. This is a mostly Christian group, but is not affiliated with a particular denomination. Offers educational and social activities, field trips, sports, weekly activities, and more.

Support group for Arizona homeschool families using Sonlight Curriculum. Offers discussions, monthly field trips, activities, and more.

This is an online secular community for Arizona parents with inquisitive and imaginative children. Offers information on local events, outings, and discussions.

This group is a branch of Summit View Homeschool Cooperative and serves the West Valley cities of Phoenix, Glendale, Avondale, Litchfield, Tonopah and other westside communities.

Phoenix Unschoolers is a support group for unschoolers who wish to communicate with other like minded individuals. Members come from all over the entire Phoenix area, including North Scottsdale, Phoenix, Gilbert, Glendale, and Goodyear.

The Western Region Unschoolers is a group for unschoolers who live in the Western U.S. covering: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and California. This is a forum to announce and organize conferences, travel, camping, and other places to get together.

This support group, inclusive and non-profit, fosters a rich social life amongst homeschool and small school students by organizing sports leagues, dances, games, Karaoke, bowling, pizza or movie nights. Teens take responsibility to pick the events, decide upon the participants, set rules and select volunteers on this site, even to set up and clean up. Parents of teens then supervise and advise to make this group beneficial to all.

This group is a branch of Summit View Homeschool Cooperative andserves the North Valley cities of North Phoenix, Scottsdale, Fountain Hills, Paradise Valley, and other northern Valley communities.

Eclectic Homeschoolers of Northern Arizona is a homeschool support group for families in the Northern Arizona region. Offers support, information, and meetings. Based in Flagstaff, Eclectic Homeschoolers of Northern Arizona is a Homeschool Support Group offering friendship and support to homeschooling families of all types, with children of all ages.

Summit View Homeschool Cooperative includes families from the East Side of the Valley in Mesa, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, Apache Junction, Ahwatukee, and Gold Canyon. Ages of the children in the group range from toddlers to high school. The main function of Summit View is to provide support, as well as a social outlet for homeschooling families. In addition to many field trips, theater performances, and other activities, we also have subgroups which include a book club, science club, teen club, geography club, drama club, preschool playgroups, games club, hiking club, and a parent support group. Also offered are several park days per month.

This e-mail group offers support for Homeschooling Families in the Greater Phoenix Arizona Area. Includes discussions, encouragement, curriculum ads for either buying or selling, sales event notification, web site links for educational purposes, info on laws, freebies for educators, and more.

Colorado River Homeschoolers an inclusive homeschool group, open to all homeschoolers, regardless of style of homeschooling or religion. Located in the Bullhead City/Fort Mohave, AZ, Laughlin, NV, and Needles, CA area.

The Desert Homeschoolers of D-M is an inclusive support group for homeschooling families assigned to Davis Monthan AFB in Tucson AZ. All homeschoolers, of all ages, religious backgrounds and schooling methods are welcome. Offers park days, field trips, and other activities.

Central AZ Life Learners is a support group for Life Learners and Unschoolers in both the East and West Valley.

Arizona Christian Homeschoolers is a Christian based homeschool support group that serves homeschooling families in the NW valley. They offer park days, a monthly newsletter, multiple social activities for every member of the family, field trips, support for the new homeschool family with newcomer meetings, and a yearbook for those who want one.

This group list is for families who wish to find support while following the Charlotte Mason philosophy of education. The purpose is to help/support parents and students in Arizona, organize outings, study groups, and more.

Do you unschool your children and live in the North Phoenix, Arizona area (Paradise Valley, North Scottsdale, Cave Creek, Anthem, New River, Black Canyon City, Desert Hills)? North Phoenix Unschoolers is a Yahoo group that offers support and opportunities to connect with other unschoolers in your area.

YahooGroup for parents home educating in Arizona. Discussions center around homeschooling laws and requirements in the state, resources, lesson plans, field trip ideas, where to find support groups -- in short, anything and everything to do with homeschooling.

The Well is an e-mail list for members of Arizona’s Rainbow Explorers, a Christian homeschool support group for African-American families in the Greater Phoenix area.

The HomeSchool HeartBeat provides a monthly newsletter to keep Arizona homeschoolers informed of events, classes, workshops, resources, support group news, informational meetings, and more.

Homeschooling an only child can be quite challenging at times. This group is open to anyone for support, enrouragement and ideas for those who choose the home-schooling road for you and your child. Although they are based in NC, anyone can join for support. They have a database that you can access to see who is in your state to get together with.

A Phoenix-based network of independent home-educating families supporting each other by sharing experiences, information, ideas, and playtimes. Dedicated to the importance of our right to educate our children in the way we feel is best. The structure is informal. Offers field trips and a park day once a month.

A support group for unschoolers who wish to communicate with other like minded individuals. Focused on the entire Phoenix area, with members in North Scottsdale, Phoenix, Gilbert, Glendale, Goodyear and Desert Hills. Meeting spots are alternated so that meetings are as convenient as possible for everyone.

This is the Southern California Homeschool Teen Connection Announcement board. This group is strictly for promoting Teen Only activities around southern California and connecting teen homeschoolers to groups in their locality.

Arizona Jewish Homeschoolers is a discussion forum and information exchange for homeschooling and unschooling Jewish educators/parents (or those just thinking about it), living in Arizona. It should serve as a means to discuss issues unique to the Arizona Jewish homeschool environment, and a means by which friendships may be formed, events will be planned, and joint homeschool activities may be held. Most of the members are in the Greater Phoenix area, but welcome those from surrounding areas.

Red Mountain Life Learners is an East Valley network of unschooling families focused on life learning. Members are expected to support the group by sharing their passions i.e. organizing group activities such as field trips, park days, foreign language classes, chess club, camping trips, drama, yoga, art and cooking classes, etc.

This site is for Jewish Homeschoolers to share lessons, thoughts and ideas in integrating all levels of Judaism into homeschooling their child(ren).

Southern Arizona Home Schoolers is a list open to anyone interested in homeschooling in Southern Arizona.

West Side Home Educators supports homeschooling families in Peoria, Glendale, North Phoenix, Surprise and other West Valley communities. This is a mostly Christian group, but is not affiliated with a particular denomination. Offers educational and social activities, field trips, sports, weekly activities, and more.

Single Christian Homeschool Parent Message Board offers discussion with other parents, widowed, divorced, or legally separated, who are homeschooling solo.

Got a funny story to share? Need a good chuckle? You'll find it here as homeschooling moms and dads share the joys and humor of homeschooling.

If you are feeling burned out or need encouragement, this forum is for you. Share your struggles and get help, ideas, and support from those who have walked in your shoes.

This message board is designed for unschooling parents to connect, ask questions, share information and ideas, and get support.

The WAHM message boards provide a forum where you can make announcements, promote your home business, find business services, and much more. The WAHM forum is also a great social network for work at home moms. Share your WAHM stories, find help, support and advice, and meet other WAHMs across the USA and around the world.

A vegsource.com message forum for homeschoolers who have religious reasons to homeschool.

Unschoolers meet to talk and share ideas at this vegsource.com message board.

This message board is designed for single homeschooling parents to support each other and get ideas and information on homeschooling as a solo parent.

Black Homeschoolers' Network is intended to facilitate a network among African American homeschoolers across the country. Here you will also find a message board for general communication as well as an email pal listing for homeschooled kids.

This is a message forum at vegsource.com especially for single parents who are home educating their children.

Here is a place for home schoolers, using Montessori Method in their home education, to share and learn.

This list is for the broad-ranging discussion of unschooling. It is sponsored by Home Education Magazine.

This is a list for homeschooling moms using Sonlight curriculum, whether just parts of it or the full curriculum, and incorporating the educational methods and ideas of Charlotte Mason into their homes.

This mailing list is set up for parents of large families. Large for this list is defined as having five or more kids. They welcome everybody who has at least that many of any religion, or even no religion.

Online support group for Catholics interested in the Charlotte Mason method.

This group is primarily for blind parents who are interested in alternative parenting styles and issues. This includes atachment parenting, family bed, baby-wearing, gentle disipline, loving guidance, breastfeeding, healthy eating and living, health prevention, nonviolence, nonspanking, unschooling or homeschooling, spirituality, and more.

This list is for persons who are using or are interested in using the Charlotte Mason Philosophy for education (including homeschooling), or to enrich their own lives. Thislist espouses a Christian philosophy and is also a prayer list. It is also a very active discussion list, often 100 posts per day.

A list for unschoolers who are interested in moving towards a sustainable lifestyle. Topics for discussion may include how sustainability and unschooling complement each other, and how we resolve conflicting values.

Afrocentric Homeschoolers Association Email Group is a discussion group for pro-Black African and/or African Diasporan, Black homeschoolers, unschoolers, deschoolers, and home-based educators everywhere. It is also open to non-homeschoolers and non-Blacks who are trying to teach their children about Blacks. It was founded as a resource for Black homeschoolers, Blacks in Canada, the U.S., Caribbean, and elsewhere, including the African Canadian, African American, African Caribbean, Black European, African, and Black Canadian.

This list is a friendly place for all to chat about anything you wish to explore. Parenting issues, schooling issues, political issues . . . as unschoolers, we know that nothing is off topic.

This is a companion list to the website UnSchoolers Online. It is a safe place to openly discuss anything related to unschooling and our children.

This group was started for homeschoolers using the curriculum of Angelicum Academy and its sister school Great Books Academy. This is a place to resell/swap school books and materials, and to discuss general homeschooling topics pertaining to the Angelicum/GBA curriculum.

This group consists of two things: 1) a bi-weekly newsletter with articles about living books, book collecting, taking care of and organizing your home school library, using living books in your homeschool, notebooking, book and author reviews, and more; and 2.) a bi-weekly catalog of living books for sale on eBay, plus and some unit studies.

Boys... whether you have one, two, three or more---this is the spot to discuss their special needs. This is a group of mostly homeschool Moms who are devoted to their sons and are on a constant search for resources and wisdom for raising young men with character, integrity, preparing them for life.

This discussion list is for homeschoolers teaching preschool and kindergarten. Topics include curriculum selection (whether necessary or not), teaching tips, creative learning ideas, time management, unit studies, homeschooling books, neat craft ideas, cooking tips for all occasions, support those who have homeschool burn out, or those who are just starting to homeschool.

This loop was created for homeschoolers interested in presenting school materials, real books, and/or purchased curriculum in a manner consistent with Classical Education philosophy. Specifically, Classical Education refers to educational models (such as the Trivium) described by Laura Berquist, the Bluedorns, Dorothy Sayers, Doug Wilson, Jessie Wise, Susan Wise Bauer, and others, in which material is presented to children according to their stage of development (i.e., Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric stages). The purpose of this loop is practical in nature: to share resource suggestions, reviews, schedules, ideas, and encouragement, in order to help one another provide Classical Education within the homeschool environment.

A curriculum buy, sell, and swap group for those using a Catholic Charlotte Mason/Living Books/Classical method of home education.

Large traffic email list whose stated purpose is to move out of comfort zones and critically examine beliefs, ideas, and viewpoints about learning, and seek a deeper understanding of unschooling and more respectful relationships with one's children.

The Unschoolers' Circle is an inclusive list for anyone interested in home education with unschooling leanings.

This is a list for all who are pregnant for the third or more time and are having a large family by choice. Discussions include the difficulties of having several at home when dealing with sickness and fatigue, homeschooling, and more. This is a supportive list where people believe that large families are wonderful.

This is an email group of Christian homeschoolers who teach their children using living literature.

This email list is open to all homeschoolers working with Waldorf education (also known as Steiner education, after its founder Rudolf Steiner), as well as those exploring the possibility. Others, such as teachers or parents with children at Waldorf or public schools, who are interested in an open approach to Waldorf in the home, are also welcome.

This group is for support, advice, friendship and educational helps for single parents who are homeschooling.

Chevra was formed in September 1998 as an online support community for Jewish homeschoolers of all varieties. It tends to be a very chatty place where they discuss Jewish observance, homeschooling, family life, outside interests, and (the favorite topic) why the laundry never seems to get done. If you are looking for a group that discusses only homeschooling and Judaic resources, you may very well be disappointed in Chevra's free-wheeling discussions of everything under the sun, but there is lots of great information here.

This list is dedicated to families homeschooling only-children. These families have unique socialization issues and must often be super-creative in their solutions. Join this list if you are homeschooling a wonderful Only.

Are you homeschooling an only child? Or perhaps your other children are grown (or infants) and there's just one whom you homeschool? Or are your other children in public or private school and there's just one at home during the day? Is there such a large age gap between your children that each child feels like an only? Then this group is for you. All homeschoolers are welcome: new, old, school-at-homers, and unschoolers.

This is a list for single moms who homeschool their children. This is open to all single moms, no matter what type of curriculum they choose to use. It is predominantly a Christian list -- though others are welcome, also.

This is a free email loop for those educating their children with classical materials. Anyone may post want to buy (WTB) or for sale (FS) ads on this list.

Ruth Beechick Style Homeschooling is an Eclectic approach which focuses on natural learning through Real Books and Real Life. Basically Beechick is a Christian homeschool support group to discuss the methods and ideas of Dr. Ruth Beechick. Other authors whose ideas mesh well with Beechick's are discussed as well. These authors include (but are not limited to) Susan C. Anthony, Rebecca Rupp, Jean Soyke, E.D. Hirsch, Jessie Wise and Susan Wise Bauer, Harvey and Laurie Bluedorn, Laura Berquist, Robin Scarlata, Jane Claire Lambert, Valerie Bendt, Clay and Sally Clarkson, Cindy Rushton, Mary Hood, Marilyn Howshall, and Charlotte Mason.

Homeschooling families with singletons have issues that are very unique. Join in to offer support and encouragement to other single child homeschooling families.

A list designed for those new to the philosophy of unschooling. Ask experienced unschoolers all those niggling questions, and find out how unschooling works in real families. If you're familiar with John Holt's work, but unsure of how to begin or what an unschooling day really looks like, this is a place for you to discuss, question, ponder, and become deeply familiar with natural learning and how it affects our entire lives. From parenting issues to learning from the whole wide world and beyond, come explore the issues that unschooling families have dealt with in the past and how to get beyond "school-think" to a joyful unschooling lifestyle.!

This list is sponsored by Home Education Magazine (HEM) for networking and communication within the online homeschooling community.

This list is for moms only that are part of a large family consisting of four or more children. Large families are wonderful, exciting, and very challenging. Here you will find time and money saving tips, advice and support.

This is a loop for Christians who are combining classical education methods with Charlotte Mason ideas in their homeschools.

This group is for the discussion of all things related to running a business while homeschooling. This list is for you if you homeschool and run a business (from home or elsewhere) or are thinking of starting a business. You'll get ideas on businesses that the whole family can participate in. If you are single and homeschool, and are looking for ways to be the sole wage earner while homeschooling, this list will also be helpful.

This is a Yahoo group email list for African American parent(s) who homeschool their children.

Living Book Reviews offers reviews of books considered "living" books for children which are useful for acquiring a love of learning.

This group is for parents who are currently (or are considering) homeschooling their only child.

This list is for Christian families of color who've opted to home educate their children. They exist to offer support, fellowship and to share resources with other African American and bi-racial Christian homeschooling families.

This list is designed for those interested in the Charlotte Mason approach to homeschooling with a Waldorf twist. Topics for discussion will be geared towards combining these two approaches successfully, and any other related issues.